For much of Europe’s post-liberalisation energy history, volatility was understood as a cyclical phenomenon. Prices rose and fell in response to identifiable triggers: cold winters, supply outages, geopolitical events, or demand surges. These episodes were disruptive but temporary. Once the shock passed, markets reverted to a familiar equilibrium, and volatility receded. Risk management, regulation, and...
The European Union’s progressive expansion of the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) is redefining industrial location strategy. No longer a limited carbon levy on select commodities, CBAM now functions as a system-level filter that integrates electricity systems, mining inputs, and manufacturing into a single regulatory and economic framework. As CBAM moves downstream, it increasingly influences...
The EU’s expansion of the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) into downstream manufactured goods represents a structural shift for the mining and metals sector. What began as a carbon levy on a narrow set of commodities is evolving into a value-chain instrument that links extraction, processing, and fabrication into a single carbon-accounted continuum. For mining-linked...
The latest CBAM draft confirms what industrial and power-market analysts have long suspected: electricity is no longer a peripheral factor in carbon pricing—it is becoming the structural backbone through which CBAM transmits cost, risk, and compliance across manufacturing value chains. The EU’s expansion of CBAM to finished and semi-finished steel and aluminium products formalizes a...
As Europe accelerates its metals and materials transition, demand for specialised engineering—covering process modelling, plant automation, electrical systems, metallurgical simulation, and commissioning support—has intensified. Companies seeking to develop smelters, hydrometallurgical facilities, battery-material plants, and advanced recycling operations naturally compare engineering hubs across Central and South-Eastern Europe. Among these, Serbia stands out for its unique alignment...
Europe is entering a decisive period in transforming its metals, minerals, and materials ecosystem. For decades, the continent relied on global markets for ores, concentrates, and refined materials, enabling high-value manufacturing while outsourcing mining and midstream processing. Stable supply chains and predictable geopolitics ensured steady access to copper, nickel, lithium, aluminium, specialty steels, and rare-earth...
In the emerging architecture of Europe’s electricity system, flexibility has become the most valuable attribute a power asset can possess. The ability to ramp output quickly, absorb surplus generation, stabilise frequency, or respond to sudden imbalances now matters more than raw installed capacity. Yet while flexibility has become scarce, it has not become fairly priced....
In the emerging architecture of Europe’s electricity system, flexibility has become the most valuable attribute a power asset can possess. The ability to ramp output quickly, absorb surplus generation, stabilise frequency, or respond to sudden imbalances now matters more than raw installed capacity. Yet while flexibility has become scarce, it has not become fairly priced....
For most of the past half-century, Europe’s electricity system could be understood through a relatively simple lens. Power was generated close to where it was consumed, national systems were planned around predictable baseload plants, and cross-border flows played a supporting role rather than defining market outcomes. Electricity prices reflected domestic generation costs, demand patterns were...
The expansion of the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism is quietly redefining Serbia’s position in Europe’s industrial map. What was once framed as a peripheral regulatory issue—relevant mainly to primary steel or aluminium exporters—is now becoming a system-level determinant of where manufacturing capacity locates, how mining inputs are processed, and which countries can credibly position themselves...
